During my participation at Covenant Nation’s The Platform event, on June 12, 2024, I promised to provide a reasoned contribution to the conversation on minimum wage.
Here it is.
The existing law on minimum wage is the National Minimum Wage Act 2019, which came into force on April 18, 2019; and it provides in Section 3 (4) that:
“The national minimum wage expires after five years, and it shall be reviewed in line with the provisions of this Act.”
Please note that it is the “minimum wage” that has expired but not the Act, and as is shown in the underlined portion above, the review of the 2019 minimum wage provisions, after the period of five years, shall be in line with the provisions of the 2019 Act.
What is the minimum wage?
The answer is to be found in Section 3 (1) of the law, where it provides that:
“Every employer shall pay a national minimum wage of not less than N30,000 per month to every worker under his establishment, except as otherwise provided under this Act.”
Please note the words used in the underlined portion of the provision, namely; “wage” and “per month.”.
Bearing in mind that this is a federal law, there must be constitutional authority for the Federal Government through the National Assembly (NASS) to make laws on wages.
This authority is to be found in item 34 of the 1999 Constitution, as amended in the Exclusive Legislative List, which confers power on the NASS to legislate on:
“Labour, including trade unions, industrial relations, conditions, safety, and welfare of labour; industrial disputes, prescribing a national minimum wage for the federation or any part thereof; and industrial arbitrations.”
On the face of it, all will seem to be normal until we examine closely what a wage is.
In my recent monograph, “The Nigerian Public Discourse: The Interplay of Empirical Evidence and Hyperbole,” I had made the point at page 89 that: “the word used in item 34 of the Exclusive Legislative List is minimum wage.”
It does not talk about salaries. I further stated that “it has also been shown, wages and salaries are different and should not be conflated.” I posited that “efforts to improve the minimum wage must be that and nothing more. It must not translate to a salary overhaul by accident.”.
What then is the difference between “wages” and “salaries,” and what has NASS legislated?
All the definitions available recognize that wages and salaries are common methods of compensation open to the employer.
However, a salary is a fixed annual amount, payable at specific intervals, subject to agreement. It can be paid weekly, bi-weekly or monthly.
On the contrary, wages refer to payments based on an hourly rate and the number of hours the employee works.
Therefore, it seems obvious from this definition that by making a law in Section 3(1) of the Minimum Wage Act that the minimum wage of N30,000 shall be paid monthly, the NASS may have acted unconstitutionally by legislating on a salary (monthly payment) when they only have power to legislate on WAGES, an hourly payment.This is important while the conversation on minimum wage is being had in 2024 because in Section 3(4), the minimum wage “shall be reviewed in line with the provisions of this Act,” which includes Section 3(1) that has prescribed a monthly amount instead of an hourly wage.
If we follow the proper definition of wages as an hourly rate and apply the global method for computing it, which is to divide the gross annual sum by 52 weeks, and further by 40 hours recommended per week, we will have for Nigeria a minimum wage that is not N30,000 per month, but rather N30,000 x 12 (months) = N36,000 divided by 52 (weeks) = N6,923.07 divided by 40 (hours), which will give a minimum wage of N173.07 per hour.
In other jurisdictions where the minimum wage is applicable, amendments to increase it do not necessarily translate to massive distortions across the salary compensation scheme.
Those who are bound to pay the minimum wage can also adjust their ability to pay by limiting the hours that employees work and maximizing productivity, while employees cover the gap by working the additional hours in other places.
What we have done is erroneously fix monthly minimum salaries as wages, and then effect consequential adjustments for all other salary earners, which results in a bloated compensation wage that employees find difficult to meet.
It would seem that since the employer has a choice to compensate the employee by either salary or wages, it must be presumed that all institutions, whether government or private sector, that have opted to compensate by salary payment are not bound by the minimum wage Act provisions if they do not pay hourly rates.
This perhaps explains, in part, why some employees observe the law more in breach than in compliance.
The exemption provided in Section 4(1)(b) of the Act for “an establishment employing less than 25 persons” from being bound by the provisions of the Act to pay the minimum wage also raises serious doubts about whether we have enacted a minimum wage Act if small businesses that barely have 25 employees but who employ the largest number of the most vulnerable people are exempted from the law as currently legislated. Who, then, is the law protecting?
Of course, if and when we decide as a country on the implementation of a proper minimum wage, we must then design a formula to review the salaries of those who do not earn wages in order to assist them in dealing with cost-of-living challenges.
This may yet be the most fruitful outcome of the dilemma of appropriate employee compensation, as it may lay the foundation for national productivity, wealth creation and prosperity. The opportunity is too big to miss or waste.
When the cost of living rises as they have now, the lowest and highest income earners are impacted to varying degrees and therefore deserving of reasonable adjustments, whether they earn wages or salaries.
This is the time for the experts in labour law and compensation matters to put their thinking caps on and to seek help from the best faculties around the world.
As we do this, we must be mindful of the need for a possible amendment to item 34 of the exclusive list in the constitution to include SALARIES because it currently does not.
Babatunde Raji Fashola, SAN, CON.
